Narrative Coaching in the Leadership Development of Minority Executives in the United States of America and South African Corporations
Narrative Coaching in the Leadership Development of Minority Executives in the United States of America and South African Corporations
Lovemore Moyo | 2017
Abstract
The underrepresentation of women and non-white males in the leadership ranks of American and South African private sector corporations is a cost to these economies in terms of the suboptimal utilization of human capital and the lost marketing opportunities to a growing and youthful sector in the respective countries. The study examines the problem from the perspective of Black and other Minority Ethnic Executives (BMEEs), points out to the magnitude of the problem, in particular the percentages of these executives against their demographic group population numbers. The persistence of this underrepresentation over the past decades attests to the ineffectiveness of the earlier affirmative action measures and the current diversity and inclusion programs. The project, firstly, identifies the main challenges stifling the advancement of BMEEs and these are stigmatized individual identities, devalued social identities, lack of leader prototypicality, stereotype threat and the limited access to leadership networks. The case of women executives is also considered and analyzed as a special case. The other identified problem area is the absence of appropriate leadership theories needed to back-up the leadership development of minority executives. The observation is that current theories of leadership largely ignore the experiences of historically disadvantaged groups. Similarly, there are no leadership development interventions which are customized to the unique challenges of minority executives. Narrative coaching is suggested as the leadership development option which can overcome the identified challenges of minority executives. To this end, the nature and mechanics of narrative coaching are explained, in particular how this form of coaching relies on stories. The identities of individuals is a product of the stories these individuals tell themselves. People also live the stories they tell and problem saturated stories tend to dominate people’s lives. Narrative coaching helps coachees to migrate from these problem stories to those which are empowering and offer alternative ways of living. An important point made is that the ‘being’ issues of developing leaders need to precede the ‘doing’ of leadership. The current executive training interventions major on the latter and are exposed to the vagaries of identity, acceptance and belonging issues highlighted in the social identity and categorization theories of leadership. Taking the perspective of the organizations, the project explores the concept of unconscious bias, which drives the decisions individuals make and throws light into why biased hiring and promotions occur despite conscious diversity efforts. There are practices in narrative coaching which can be used to solve these challenges of minority executives. These practices, which are explained in the project, are the re-authoring of individuals’ stories to build a new identity, enacting identity entrepreneurship, using networking strategies, externalization of problems and using unique outcomes. It is pointed out in the project that unconscious bias is malleable, and, there are methods such as coaching for implementation intention which can be used to overcome unconscious bias. In that way the quest for diversity and an increased number and effective inclusion of minority executives in South African and American corporations can become a reality.