Correlations Between Authentic Leadership

December 3, 2025

Correlations Between Authentic Leadership’s Transparency and Moral/Ethical Scales and Entrepreneurial Orientation’s Innovativeness and Proactiveness Scales

Sharon Hathaway Forrest | 2023

Abstract

The purpose of the current study was to examine whether correlations exist between authentic leadership’s (AL) transparency and moral/ethical dimensions and entrepreneurial orientation’s (EO) innovativeness and proactiveness dimensions. The study surveyed 108 online survey respondents, with 16 participants culled mainly for the duration of participation, which was less than or more than expected (i.e., speeders and delayers). In this study, I found that the survey instruments, ALQ and ENTRESCALE, were reliable and produced a viable framework for measurement and analysis of these dimensions in accordance with prior research (Avolio et al., 2018; Knight, 1997) with strong positive correlations between their own dimensions. However, what was unexpected was the lack of significant correlation between the two instruments in the whole of their scales, except for transparency and innovativeness with a weak significant correlation. Of the 17 items included from the two instruments, several items did show the possibility of association should the survey framework be updated with contemporary language and structure to elicit responses more in keeping with this hint of association between transparency and innovativeness. For instance, proactiveness as a dimension was not at all associated and sometimes gave a glimpse of negative association with transparency and moral/ethical leadership behaviors; yet, prior research has indicated an association between proactiveness and transparency and moral/ethical behavior (Bateman & Crant, 1993). Updating the ALQ and ENTRESCALE language and structural approach while maintaining the stability of these instruments will certainly be a research challenge but needful for assessing the observations of early career professionals, which made up the majority of participants for this survey-focused study. For those who hope to provide global society with leadership development measurement tools and curricula to guide humankind with methods and means of the design, development, and use of ethical AI and other advanced technologies, the results of research will prove critical.

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